Semiconductor Principles and Applications - NJATC
DE-1418073415
$106.00 $88.95

Semiconductor Principles and Applications, 2E

Second Edition
Author: NJATC

From expanded coverage of diodes, troubleshooting power supplies, and transistor applications, to the latest technologies in the field, this updated edition of Semiconductor Principles and Applications will provide readers with the most current information in the field.

Valuable as either a learning tool or a reference guide, the straightforward, clear explanations are accompanied by detailed diagrams, illustrations, and real-world applications for a complete and thorough learning experience.

The book begins with an introduction to key concepts such as semiconductor principles and characteristics, diode principles and characteristics, and then builds on this knowledge to tackle more advanced topics such as integrated circuits and microprocessors.

With the help of the book's built-in teaching tools like objectives, summaries, and sidebars, users can feel confident they are getting the very latest, need-to-know information that is easily transferable to on-the-job experiences.

Features:

• review and practice questions close each chapter and encourage critical thinking
• running and comprehensive glossaries allow users to quickly and easily locate definitions of key terms
• practical chapter objectives provide a foundation for topics that will be covered, so users feel prepared for each new topic as they encounter it
• new sidebars focusing on safety and field practice clearly demonstrate how key concepts can be applied to the world of work
• expanded discussion of diodes, power supply and how to troubleshoot it, and field applications of transistors and other devices.

About the Author:

National Joint Apprenticeship Training Committee:

NJATC develops and standardizes training for National Electrical Contractors Association and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, which represents more than 780,000 members working in a wide variety of fields around North America.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Semiconductor Principles and Introduction to Diodes 1

Outline 1
Overview 2
Objectives 2
Introduction 3
1.1 Historical Background 3
1.2 Vacuum Tubes 3
1.3 Transistors 3
Key Review Elements 3
1.4 Current Flow 3
1.5 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators 4
Semiconductor Characteristics 4
The PN Junction 5
1.6 Forming the PN Junction 5
1.7 Biasing the PN Junction 7
1.8 Reverse Breakdown Voltage 8
The Diode 8
1.9 Basic Principles 8
1.10 Diode Construction and Characteristics 9
1.11 Diode Testing 11
Diode Circuit Analysis 12
1.12 Calculating DC Voltage and Current 12
1.13 Diodes and AC Circuit Analysis 12
Electrostatic Discharge 15
1.14 The Electrostatic Discharge Threat 15
1.15 Causes of Electrostatic Discharge 16
1.16 Electrostatic Discharge Protection 16
Summary 18
Review Questions 18

Chapter 2 Zener and Other Diodes 21

Outline 21
Overview 22
Objectives 22
Introduction 23
2.1 Zener Diode Characteristics 23
Circuit Analysis 25
2.2 Zener Diode Circuit Operation 25
2.3 Checking an Installation 28
2.4 Other Zener Circuit Considerations 29
2.5 Diodes in an AC Circuit 30
Other Types of Diodes 32
2.6 Tunnel Diodes 33
2.7 Schottky or Shockley Diodes 33
2.8 PIN Diodes 34
2.9 Varactor Diodes 36
Summary 38
Review Questions 38

Chapter 3 Power Supplies 41

Outline 41
Overview 42
Objectives 42
Introduction 43
Power Supply System Characteristics 43
3.1 Series Voltage Sources 43
3.2 Parallel Voltage Sources 44
3.3 Dual-Voltage Power Supply 44
3.4 Power Supply Block Diagram 44
Half-Wave Rectifier 46
3.5 Rectifying Characteristics 46
3.6 Circuit Analysis 48
Full-Wave Center Tap Rectifier 50
3.7 Rectifying Characteristics 50
3.8 Circuit Analysis 52
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier 53
3.9 Rectifying Characteristics 53
3.10 Circuit Analysis 54
Filters 56
3.11 Capacitors 56
3.12 Rectifying Characteristic Time Constants 57
3.13 Chokes 61
Voltage Regulation and Output 63
3.14 Voltage Regulation 63
3.15 Power Supply Output 63
3.16 Voltage Doublers 64
Summary 69
Review Questions 69
Practice Problems 72

Chapter 4 Transistors 73

Outline 73
Overview 74
Objectives 74
Bipolar Junction Transistor Operating Characteristics 75
4.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor Construction and Symbols 75
4.2 Transistor Currents and Voltages 76
4.3 Transistor Bias and Gain 77
Transistor Circuit Configurations 81
4.4 Common Emitter 81
4.5 Common Base 84
4.6 Common Collector 85
4.7 Comparison of the Three Types of Connections 86
Characteristic Curves 87
4.8 Introduction 87
4.9 Collector Curves 87
4.10 Temperature Effects 88
NPN Versus PNP Transistors 89
Testing Methods 90
4.11 Transistor Checker 90
4.12 Transistor Testing with a Digital Multimeter 90
Summary 92
Review Questions 93
Practice Problems 94

Chapter 5 JFETs, MOSFETs, and UJTs 95

Outline 95
Overview 96
Objectives 96
Junction Field Effect Transistors 97
5.1 Construction 97
5.2 JFET Operating Characteristics 98
5.3 JFET Biasing 99
5.4 JFET Application 101
73415_00_FM_i_xxii.qxd 2/13/08 10:09 AM Page vii
viii Contents
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 102
5.5 MOSFET Construction 102
5.6 VMOS Power Applications 104
5.7 Other Types of MOSFET Semiconductors 105
Unijunction Transistor 106
5.8 UJT Construction 106
5.9 UJT Operating Characteristics 106
5.10 UJT Example Circuit 108
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 110
Summary 111
Review Questions 112

Chapter 6 Amplifiers 113

Outline 113
Overview 114
Objectives 114
Amplifier Gain 115
6.1 Types of Gain 115
6.2 Measuring Gain 115
6.3 Gain in Decibels 116
6.4 Multistage Gain 118
6.5 Voltage Gain in Decibels 120
6.6 Practical Uses of dB Ratios 120
Amplifier Classification 122
6.7 Amplifier Operating Characteristics 122
6.8 Amplifier Classes 122
6.9 Amplifier Configurations 124
6.10 Load Line and the Operating Point 126
Summary 131
Review Questions 131
Practice Problems 132

Chapter 7 More on Amplifiers 133

Outline 133
Overview 134
Objectives 134
Common-Emitter Analysis 135
7.1 Row 1 (Cutoff) 135
7.2 Row 2 (Normal Operation) 135
7.3 Row 3 (Saturation) 136
Amplifier Coupling 137
7.4 Multiple Stages 137
7.5 Impedance Matching 138
7.6 Direct Coupling 138
7.7 Capacitive Coupling 142
7.8 Transformer Coupling 146
7.9 Tuned Transformers 150
73415_00_FM_i_xxii.qxd 2/13/08 10:09 AM Page viii
Contents ix
Negative Feedback 152
Summary 154
Review Questions 154
Practice Problems 155

Chapter 8 Large Signal Amplifiers 157

Outline 157
Overview 158
Objectives 158
Introduction and Review 159
8.1 The Ideal Amplifier 159
8.2 Power Relationships 159
8.3 AC Load Power 162
8.4 Amplifier Efficiency 163
Class B Amplifiers 163
8.5 Class B Complementary Symmetry Operation 163
8.6 Class B Push-Pull 166
8.7 Class B Power Calculations 167
Class C Amplifiers 170
The Power Switch (Class D) 171
Summary 174
Review Questions 176

Chapter 9 Differential and Operational Amplifiers 177

Outline 177
Overview 178
Objectives 178
Differential Amplifiers 179
9.1 Basic Circuit 179
9.2 Modes of Operation 180
9.3 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 185
9.4 Analysis 187
Operational Amplifiers 190
9.5 Basic Characteristics 190
9.6 Stages of an Op Amp 190
9.7 A Typical Op Amp 192
9.8 Open-Loop Operation of the Op Amp 195
9.9 Closed-Loop Operation of the Op Amp 196
9.10 Active Filters 207
9.11 Grounds 214
Summary 215
Review Questions 215

Chapter 10 Oscillators 217

Outline 217
Overview 218
Objectives 218
Operating Principles 219
10.1 Feedback Principles 219
10.2 The Barkhausen Criterion 220
10.3 Oscillation Frequency 222
10.4 Oscillator Characteristics 224
Oscillator Types 224
10.5 Phase-Shift Oscillators 224
10.6 Hartley and Colpitts Oscillators 228
10.7 Crystal Oscillators 230
10.8 Relaxation Oscillators 231
10.9 Direct Digital Synthesis 233
10.10 Unwanted Oscillation 234
10.11 Practical Oscillator Circuits 236
Summary 240
Review Questions 241

Chapter 11 Electronic Control Devices and Circuits 243

Outline 243
Overview 244
Objectives 244
Control Circuits 245
11.1 Rheostat Control 245
11.2 Voltage Control 246
11.3 Switch Control 246
The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 247
11.4 Basic Construction and Operation 247
11.5 Characteristics 249
11.6 Commutation 250
11.7 SCR Control Circuits 251
The Triac 253
11.8 Basic Construction and Operation 253
11.9 Triac Control Circuits 254
11.10 Static Switching 255
11.11 Commutation 256
11.12 Snubber Network 256
11.13 Varistors 257
The Diac 258
11.14 Basic Construction and Operation 258
11.15 Diac-Triac Control Circuit 259
Component Testing 262
11.16 SCR Testing 262
11.17 Triac Testing 263
11.18 Diac Testing 263
11.19 Varistor Testing 264
Practical Circuits 264
11.20 Practical SCR Circuits 264
11.21 Practical Triac Circuits 266
Summary 268
Review Questions 269

Chapter 12 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation 271

Outline 271
Overview 272
Objectives 272
Communication Fundamentals 273
12.1 Information Transfer 273
12.2 Modulation and Demodulation 273
12.3 Basic Communication Systems 274
Amplitude Modulation 276
12.4 AM Fundamentals 276
12.5 A Typical Amplitude Modulator 278
12.6 AM Detector or Demodulator 280
12.7 Bandwidth Considerations 282
12.8 Simple AM Receivers 282
12.9 Superheterodyne Receivers 284
Frequency Modulation 288
12.10 FM Fundamentals 288
12.11 A Frequency Modulator 290
12.12 FM Detector or Discriminator 291
12.13 FM Receiver 293
Summary 295
Review Questions 295

Chapter 13 Number Systems 297

Outline 297
Overview 298
Objectives 298
Decimal and Binary Number Systems 299
13.1 The Decimal System 299
13.2 The Binary System 300
13.3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 302
13.4 Binary Number Sizes 304
13.5 Binary-Coded Decimal 305
The Octal Number System 307
The Hexadecimal (16) Number System 310
Summary 316
Review Questions 316

Chapter 14 Computer Mathematics 317

Outline 317
Overview 318
Objectives 318
Addition 319
14.1 Decimal Addition 319
14.2 Binary Addition 320
14.3 Computer Addition 321
Subtraction 323
14.4 Decimal Subtraction 323
14.5 Binary Subtraction 323
Multiplication 325
14.6 Decimal Multiplication 325
14.7 Binary Multiplication 326
Division 327
14.8 Decimal Division 327
14.9 Binary Division 328
14.10 Hexadecimal Operations 329
Summary 331
Practice Problems 331

Chapter 15 Integrated Circuits 333

Outline 333
Overview 334
Objectives 334
Introduction to Integrated Circuits 335
15.1 Discrete Circuits Versus Integrated Circuits 335
15.2 Schematics 335
15.3 Fabricaton 336
The 555 Timer 336
15.4 Introduction 336
15.5 Internal Circuitry and Operation 336
15.6 Monostable Mode 337
15.7 Astable Mode 340
15.8 Time-Delay Mode 344
Other Integrated Circuits 345
Digital Signal Processing 346
Analog-to-Digital Conversion 347
Phase-Locked Loop 348
15.9 Introduction 348
15.10 FM Detection 349
15.11 Frequency Synthesis 350
15.12 Tone Decoding 351
Summary 354
Review Questions 354
Practice Problems 355

Chapter 16 Microprocessors and Systems Components 357

Outline 357
Overview 358
Objectives 358
Digital Computers 359
16.1 History and Modern Architecture 359
16.2 The Central Processing Unit 360
16.3 Arithmetic/Logic Unit 362
16.4 Multiplexers 363
Memory Types 365
16.5 Introduction 365
16.6 Internal Memory: Core 366
16.7 Internal Memory: Static and Dynamic Random-Access
Memory 367
16.8 Internal Memory: Read-Only Memory 369
16.9 Internal Memory: Programmable Read-Only Memory 371
16.10 External Memory: Mass Storage 371
Processors in Industry 372
Summary 373
Review Questions 373

Chapter 17 Optoelectronic Devices 375

Outline 375
Overview 376
Objectives 376
The Optical Spectrum 377
Light-Emitting Diode 378
17.1 Principles of Light Generation 378
17.2 Basic Operation 379
17.3 LED Construction 380
17.4 Applications 382
17.5 LED Testing 384
Laser Diode 385
17.6 Principles of Laser Generation 385
17.7 Basic Operation and Construction 386
17.8 Applications of the Laser Diode 386
Photodiode 388
17.9 Basic Operation and Construction 388
17.10 Applications 390
Photoresistor 392
17.11 Basic Operation and Construction 392
17.12 Applications 393
Other Optoelectronic Devices 393
17.13 Phototransistor 393
17.14 Photodarlington 394
17.15 The LASCR 395
Summary 396
Review Questions 396

Chapter 18 Fiber Optics and Fiber-Optic Cable 399

Outline 399
Overview 400
Objectives 400
Fiber-Optic Fundamentals 401
18.1 Principles of Operation and Construction 401
18.2 Optical Fiber Characteristics 406
Fiber-Optic Signals 408
18.3 Signal Transmission 408
18.4 Signal Modulation 409
Fiber-Optic Systems 411
18.5 System Overview 411
18.6 Optoisolators and Optointerrupters 412
Fiber-Optic Cable 413
18.7 Cable Construction 413
18.8 Cable Connectors 415
Summary 418
Review Questions 418

Glossary 419
Index 423

464 Pages - 8-1/2 x 11 in.

Related:

more Electrical Theory
VDV, Communications, LV, CATV Related
PLCs & Motor Controls
Tools for Electricians
Electrical Supplies
Electrical Related
Electrical Exam Prep
2008 NEC and Related
2005 NEC and Related
Electrical Calculations
Electrical Estimating
Construction Related
Building Code Related
HVAC Exam Prep
HVAC Related

2008 NEC & Related Products

1401856888 / 9781401856885
1418073415 / 9781418073411